Records of Births, Marriages, and Deaths in Australia

Australia is a country of immigrants and their descendants. Beginning with the establishment of New South Wales as a penal colony in 1788, convicts were sent to Australia from the British Isles. Assisted immigrants (immigrants who had most of their passage paid by the government), coming primarily from the British Isles and Germany, first began arriving in New South Wales in 1828, while unassisted immigrants first arrived in Australia as early as 1792. Prior to 1901, each state of Australia was a separate government or colony. Vital records in a particular state typically begin at the time of the colonys formation, with earlier records (except for Western Australia) found in New South Wales (the original jurisdictional body for Australia). New South Wales The New South Wales  Registry has civil records from March 1, 1856. Earlier church and other vital records, dating back to 1788, are also available, including a Pioneer Index 1788-1888. Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages191 Thomas StreetPO Box 30 G.P.O.Sydney, New South Wales 2001Australia(011) (61) (2) 228-8511 Online: NSW Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages offers an online, searchable Historical Index of Births, Marriages, and Deaths which covers births (1788-1908), deaths (1788-1978) and marriages (1788-1958). Northern Territory Birth records from August 24, 1870, marriages records from 1871, and death records from 1872 can be ordered from the Office of the Registrar. You can contact them at: Office of the Registrar of Births, Deaths, and MarriagesDepartment of LawNichols PlaceG.P.O. Box 3021Darwin, Northern Territory 0801Australia(011) (61) (89) 6119 Queensland Records from 1890 to the present can be obtained through the Queensland Office of the Registrar General. Birth records for the past 100 years, marriage records for the past 75 years, and death records for the past 30 years are restricted. Check the Web site for current fees and access restrictions. Queensland Registry of Births, Deaths, and MarriagesOld Treasury BuildingPO Box 188Brisbane, North QuayQueensland 4002Australia(011) (61) (7) 224-6222 Online: A free online Queensland BMD historical index search tool allows you to search Queensland birth indexes from 1829-1914, deaths from 1829-1983, and marriages from 1839-1938. If you find an entry of interest, you can download (for a fee) an image of the original register if it is available. Many of the more recent records are still available only in certificate (non-image) form. You can order printed copies to be sent to you via mail/post. South Australia Records from July 1, 1842, are available from the Registrar of South Australia. Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration OfficeDepartment of Public and Consumer AffairsPO Box 1351Adelaide, South Australia 5001Australia(011) (61) (8) 226-8561 Online: Family History South Australia includes a wealth of databases and articles to assist people researching their South Australian family history, including indexes to Early South Australian Marriages (1836-1855) and Gazetted Deaths (sudden deaths) (1845-1941). Tasmania The Registrars office has church registers from 1803 to 1838, and civil records from 1839 to the present. Access to birth and marriage records is restricted for 75 years, and death records for 25 years. Registrar General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages15 Murray StreetG.P.O. Box 198Hobart, Tasmania 7001Australia(011) (61) (2) 30-3793 Online:  The Tasmanian State Archives has several online vital records indexes, including indexes to Tasmanian divorces and convict applications for permission to marry. They also include an online Colonial Tasmanian Family Links Database (an index to records of all births, deaths, and marriages for the period 1803-1899 which were created by the Tasmanian Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages). Victoria Birth certificates (1853-1924), death certificates (1853-1985) and marriage certificates (1853-1942) are available from the Registry, as well as records of church baptisms, marriages, and burials 1836 to 1853. More recent certificates are available with restricted access. Victorian Registry of Births, Deaths MarriagesGPO Box 4332Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia Online: Victoria Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages offers, for a fee, an online index and digitized record copies of Victoria Births, Marriages and Deaths for the above mentioned years. Digitized, uncertified images of the original register records can be downloaded immediately to your computer upon payment. Western Australia Compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages started in Western Australia in September 1841. Access to more recent records (births 75 years, deaths 25 years, and marriages 60 years) is restricted to the named individual and/or next of kin. Western Australia Registry of Births, Deaths MarriagesPO Box 7720Cloisters SquarePerth, WA 6850 Online: The Western Australia Pioneers Index is accessible online for free searching of consolidated birth, death and marriage indexes for the years between 1841 and 1965. Additional Online Sources for Australian Vital Records The FamilySearch Record Search Web site hosts free searchable indexes of Australian Births and Baptisms (1792-1981), Deaths and Burials (1816-1980) and Marriages (1810-1980). These scattered records do NOT cover the entire country. Only a few localities are included and the time period varies by locality. Search for and locate vital records from across Australia that have been submitted by fellow genealogists at the Australasia Births, Deaths and Marriage Exchange. There are only 36,000 records from Australia and 44,000 from New Zealand, but you might just get lucky! The Ryerson Index includes more than 2.4 million death notices, funeral notices, and obituaries from 169 current Australian newspapers. While the index covers the entire country, the biggest focus is on NSW papers, including more than 1 million notices from the Sydney Morning Herald.

Dialogue In Oliver Twist - 721 Words

The dialogue in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and A portrait of the Artist as a young man by James Joyce reveals aspects of the characters by showing each of the characters thoughts and emotions through dialogue and the characters thoughts. Both passages use dialogue to show the characters emotions, thoughts and how they react to the conflict in the passage to reveal aspects of the characters. In the passage, Oliver twist the author reveals the character aspects of Oliver twist by using dialogue and the characters thoughts. Charles Dickens uses dialogue of Oliver Twist asking for more and his thoughts and previous events to show how the character Oliver twist was forced and obliged to rebelling their lunch system and asking for more†¦show more content†¦James Joyce uses dialogue as well as the characters thoughts to reveal the main characters aspects by showing how Stephen is homesick and longs for his mother yet is bullied by other kids for this. In the text A portrait of the artist, The dialogue says â€Å"Wells said: O, I say, heres a fellow says he doesnt kiss his mother before he goes to bed. They all laughed again. Stephen tried to laugh with them. He felt his whole body hot and confused for a moment. What was the right answer to the question? He had given two and still, Wells laughed at him... But he was not sick there. He thought that he was sick in his h eart†. This reveals Stephens character aspect as very fearful and anxious when being bullied and the author use dialogue and the characters thought to reveal the fearful and home-sick character aspects of Stephen. Another character of which the author James Joyce uses dialogue to reveal aspects is that of Fleming.The author uses dialogue to reveal Flemings aspects as kind and a friend to Stephen. In the text, it said â€Å"Whats up? Have you a pain or whats up with you? dont know, Stephen said.Sick in your breadbasket, Fleming said, because your face looks white. It will go away, Oh, yes, Stephen said†. The dialogue reveals the character aspect of fleming as friendly and kind to Stephen. The author, James Joyce uses dialogue to reveal the character aspects of the stories characters. Using dialogue the authorShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of the Dialogues in Oliver Twist3787 Words   |  16 PagesAnalysis of dialogues in Oliver Twist Book Review Ã¥Å'â€"ä º ¬Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦ å…‰å Å½Ã§ ® ¡Ã§ â€ Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢ 00928015 ç ¿Å¸Ã© â„¢Ã¥ ªâ€º è â€Ã§ ³ »Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¥ ¼ Ã¯ ¼Å¡134-3987-9195 2010-12-25 Analysis of dialogues in Oliver Twist 00928015 ç ¿Å¸Ã© â„¢Ã¥ ªâ€º Book review: Analysis of the dialogues in Oliver twist Summary: As the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era, Charles Dickens has his own composing features, one of which is to utilize distinctive language as a salient method to form different characters. He forms very new and striking expressions out of rather specialRead MoreTension, Anticipation, and Suspense in Oliver Twist Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens wrote ‘Oliver Twist’ between 1873 and 1839. Oliver Twist is Charles Dickens second novel. Oliver Twist began as a sketch; later on chapter by chapter it came on magazine and became a serial and eventually the whole novel was published. Charles Dickens childhood was terrible; he had to work in a factory for some months. The novel exposes a lot of Victorian attitudes which Dickens experienced as he was in poverty himself. Oliver Twist suffered for nine years in the baby farm treatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Of Mice And Men And Oliver Twist 1189 Words   |  5 Pagesprostitute. Nancy is a girl f rom Great London from the book ‘Oliver Twist’. She is a prostitute and a thief and she is the girlfriend of Bill Sikes. Curley’s wife is a girl from the 20th century from the book ‘Of Mice and Men’, who is married to Curley and lives in California, USA. For this coursework, I am going to be exploring the presentation of these two characters, Nancy and Curley’s wife, from the books ‘Of Men and Men’ and ‘Oliver Twist’. The two characters were introduced by the authors DickensRead MoreNarrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield6299 Words   |  26 Pagesthesis Charles Dickens’s â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†: Two novels compared (Narrative techniques) Mentor: Student: Dr. Muhamet Hamiti Arbnesha Kusari Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. Biography of Charles Dickens†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 3. Oliver Twist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5Read MoreThe Main Contributions to Charles Dickens Popularity1592 Words   |  6 Pagesstation, where he primarily pasted labels onto pots of blacking, or shoe polish. He earned a measly six shillings a week. During his time at the factory Dickens lost his family home entirely, forcing him to wander the streets alone and helpless (a la Oliver Twist). Naturally, his experience working and living alone caused severe psychological scarring within the mind of young Dickens, but it would later serve to be a source of inspiration for his writings as well as his social critiques and personal philosophiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Before I Fall1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat is about a teenage girl who lives the same day over and over again. Despite having a compelling lead performance played by Zoe Deutch and a po werful soundtrack full of ballads, Before I Fall still took a turn with a generic plot line, choppy dialogue and clichà ©. Although I loved the performance given by Deutch and how she was able to show the characters development through emotions and her acting, that still doesn’t mean the movie was perfect. The movie was like Mean Girls put through a timeRead MoreSwans : A Fairytale Is Inspired By A Hans Christian Anderson Fable1868 Words   |  8 Pagescaptures the attention of the audience. It shines with great visual storytelling and imagination. Introducing the character of Oliver as a pickpocket is very smart, especially the idea that Oliver gives the wallet back to his victim. It shows he has a heart and he’s conflicted. The first act also tries to establish Oliver’s ordinary life with his father. It’s clear that Oliver feels neglected by his father and he believes his father drove his mother away creating good tension and resentment. HoweverRead MoreAnalysis Of The Sound Designer I Decided Upon1358 Words   |  6 Pagessound designer I decided upon was Wylie Stateman. Wylie Stateman is an experienced talent that has co-founded many post-production companies and designed for many award-winning films. As a supervising sound editor , he is well known for working with Oliver Stone, John Hughes and Quentin Tarantino, prominent directors in the film industry. I will focus on his editing approach and his extensive work with Quentin Tarantino. Which consist of various acclaimed films such as the Kill Bill trilogy, IngloriousRead MoreWriting And Writing Of Beowulf1015 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years comics have developed into intelligent and challenging picture novels. Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and other Shakespeare works have manga adaptations. Many classic novels such as Beowulf, Moby Dick, and Oliver Twist have been developed into graphic novels with verbatim dialogue (Bickers). In some cases graphic novels have developed into their most simplistic definition of books of pictures. They give kids a better understanding of what is happening in the story. Because graphic novels areRead More Charles Dickens Essay2085 Words   |  9 PagesDickens was the most popular author of the day. During 1836, he also wrote two plays and a pamphlet, he then resigned from his newspaper job, and undertook the editing job of a monthly magazine, Bentleys Miscellany, in which he serialized Oliver Twist (1837-1839). By this time, the first of his nine surviving children had been born, He had married Catherine, eldest daughter of a respected journalist George Hogorth (April 1836). Novels His first major success was with The Pickwick

Digital image enhancement methods for multimedia technology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5214 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction In todays communications network s multimedia is a growing field. There are increasing demands on incorporating visual aspect to other modes of communications. It is therefore unable to be avoided to have situations in which the video and transmitted images being corrupted or degraded in their perceptual quality by variety of ways. 1.2Digital Image Processing An image is defined as two- dimensional function, f(x,y), where x,y are plane coordinates and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image. When x, y and the intensity values of f are all finite and discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image. To processing the image by means of computer algorithms is called as digital image processing. As compared to analog image processing, digital image processing has many advantages. It can avoid problems such as signal distortion, image degradation and build-up of noise during processing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Digital image enhancement methods for multimedia technology" essay for you Create order 1.2 Image Restoration and Enhancement Methods: Now days digital images have covered the complete world. Images are acquired by photo electronic or photochemical methods. The sensing devices tend to reduce a quality of the digital images by introducing the noise and blur due to motion or misfocus of camera. One of the first applications of digital images was in the news paper industry, when pictures were sent by submarine cable between New York and London. Introduction of cable picture transmission system in the early 1920s reduced the time required to transport a picture across Atlantic from more than a week to less than three hours. Some of the initial problems in improving the visual quality of these early digital pictures were related to the selection of printing procedures and distribution of intensity levels. Digital image processing techniques began in the late 1960s and early 1970s to be used in medical imaging, remote Earth resources observations and astronomy. Tomography was invented independently by Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield and Professor Allan M.Cormack who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in medicine for their invention. But, X-rays were discovered in 1985 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Geographers use the similar technique to study the pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery. Image enhancement and restoration procedures are used to process the degraded images of unrecoverable objects or experimental results too expensive to duplicate. The use of a gray level transformation which transforms a given empirical distribution function of gray level values in an image into a uniform distribution has been used as an image enhancement as well as for a normalization procedure.( I. Pitas) Image enhancement refers to increase the image quality by sharpening certain image features (edges, boundaries and contrast) and reducing the noise. Digital image enhancement and restoration are two dimensional filters. They are broadly classified into linear digital filters and non linear filters. Linear digital filter can be designed or implemented either spatial domain or Frequency domain. (K.S. Thyagarajan) In Spatial Domain methods refers to the image plane itself .Image processing methods, spatial domain methods are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image. The intensity transformations and spatial filtering are two principal categories of spatial domain methods. In Frequency domain methods, first image is transformed to frequency domain. It means that, the Fourier transform of the image is computed and performed all processing on the Fourier transform of the image. Finally Inverse Fourier transform is performed to get the resultant image. (Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E.Woods) Image Enhancement Techniques are Median filtering Neighborhood averaging Edge Detection Histogram techniques In 1980, recent work on c.c.d. scanners is reviewed and solid-state scanners which include on-chip signal processing functions are described. Future trends are towards `smart scanners; these are scanners with on-chip real-time processing functions, such as analogue-to-digital conversion, thresholding, data compaction, edge enhancement and other real-time image processing functions.( Chamberlain,1980) The image enhancement algorithm first separates an image into its lows (low-pass filtered form) and highs (high-pass filtered form) components. The lows component then controls the amplitude of the highs component to increase the local contrast. The lows component is then subjected to a non-linearity to modify the local luminance mean of the image and is combined with the processed highs component. The performance of this algorithm when applied to enhance typical undegraded images, images with large shaded areas, and also images degraded by cloud cover will be illustrated by way of examples. (Peli, T., 1981) Enhancement algorithms based on local medians and interquartile distances are more effective than those using means and standard deviations for the removal of spike noise, preserve edge sharpness better and introduce fewer artifacts around high contrast edges. They are not as fast as the mean-standard deviation equivalents but are suitable for large data sets treated in small machines in production quantities.( Scollar,I.,1983) Filtering CT images to remove noise, and thereby enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in the images, is a difficult process because CT noise is of a broad-band spatial-frequency character, overlapping frequencies of interest in the signal.A measurement of the noise power spectrum of a CT scanner and some form of spatially variant filtering of CT images can be beneficial if the filtering process is based upon the differences between the frequency characteristics of the noise and the signal. For evaluating the performance, used a percentage standard deviation, an index representing contrast, a frequency spectral pattern, and several CT images processed with the filter. (Okada., 1985) A two-dimensional least-mean-square (TDLMS) adaptive algorithm based on the method of steepest decent is proposed and applied to noise reduction in images. The adaptive property of the TDLMS algorithm enables the filter to have an improved tracking performance in nonstationary images. The results presented show that the TDLMS algorithm can be used successfully to reduce noise in images. The algorithm complexity is 2(NN) multiplications and the same number of additions per image sample, where N is the parameter-matrix dimension. The algorithm can be used in a number of two-dimensional applications such as image enhancement and image data processing.( Hadhoud,M.M.,1988) Image processing techniques are used to determine the range and alignment of a land vehicle. The approach taken is to establish a state vector of quantities derived from an image sequence, and to refine this over the mission. The image processing techniques applied fall into the generic categories of enhancement, detection, segmentation, and classification. Approaches to estimating the alignment and range of a vehicle in computationally efficient ways are presented. The estimates of quantities extracted from single image frames are subject to errors. This approach facilitates the integration of results from multiple images, and from multiple sensor systems.( Atherton, T.J.,1990) The JPEG coder has proven to be extremely useful in coding image data. For low bit-rate image coding (0.75 bit or less per pixel), however, the block effect becomes very annoying. The edges also display `wave-like appearance. An enhancement algorithm is proposed to enhance the subjective quality of the reconstructed images. First, the pixels of the coded image are classified into three broad categories: (a) pixels belonging to quasi-constant regions where the pixel intensity values vary slowly, (b) pixels belonging to dominant-edge (DE) regions which are characterized by few sharp and dominant edges and (c) pixels belonging to textured regions which are characterized by many small edges and thin-line signals. An adaptive mixture of some well-known spatial filters which uses the pixel labeling information for its adaptation is used as the adaptive optimal spatial filter for image enhancement. (Kundu, A.1995) The videotexts are low-resolution and mixed with complex backgrounds; image enhancement is a key to successful recognition of the videotexts. Especially in Hangul characters, several consonants cannot be distinguished without sophisticated image enhancement techniques. In this experiment, after multiple videotext frames containing the same captions are detected and the caption area in each frame is extracted, five different image enhancement techniques are serially applied to the image: multi-frame integration, resolution enhancement, contrast enhancement, advanced binarization, and morphological smoothing operations and tested the proposed techniques with the video caption images containing both Hangul and English characters from various video sources such as cinema, news, sports, etc. The character recognition results are greatly improved by using enhanced images in the experiment. (Sangshin Kwak.,2000). The use of an adaptive image enhancement system that implements the human visual system (HVS) has the properties for contrast enhancement of X-ray images. X-ray images are poor quality and are usually interpreted visually. The HVS properties considered are its adaptive nature, multichannel mechanism and high nonlinearity. This method is adaptive, nonlinear and multichannel, and combines adaptive filters and homomorphic processing. The median filtering method is a simple and efficient way to remove impulse noise from digital images. This novel method has two stages. The first stage is to detect the impulse noise in the image. In this stage, first one identify the noise pixel and second one the pixels are roughly divided into two classes, which are noise-free pixel and noise pixel. Then, the second stage is to eliminate the impulse noise from the image. In this stage, only the noise-pixels are processed. The noise -free pixels are directly copied to the output image. Here, hybrid of adaptive median filter with switching median filter method is used. The adaptive median filter framework in order to enable the flexibility of the filter to change it size accordingly based on the approximation of local noise density. The switching median filter framework in order to speed up the process and also allows local details in the image to be preserved. (Kong, NSP., 2008) One of the advantages of Level-2 Improved tolerance based selective arithmetic mean filtering technique is that this filtering technique is to detect and remove the noisy pixels and restore the noise free information. However the removal of impulse noise is often accomplished at the expense of blurred and distorted features of edges. Therefore it is necessary to preserve the edges and fine details during filtering. (Deivalakshmi,S., 2010) An efficient non-linear cascade filter is used to removal of high density salt and pepper noise in image and video. This method consists of two stages to enhance the filtering. The first stage is the Decision based Median Filter (DMF) which is used to identify pixels likely to be contaminated by salt and pepper noise and replaces them by the median value. The second stage is the Unsymmetrical Trimmed Filter, either Mean Filter (UTMF) or Midpoint Filter (UTMP) which is used to trim the noisy pixels in an unsymmetrical manner and processes with the remaining pixels The basic idea is that, though the level of denoising in the first stage is lesser at high noise densities, the second stage helps to increase the noise suppression. Hence, this method is very suitable for low, medium as well as high noise densities even above 90%. This algorithm shows better image and video quality in terms of visual appearance and quantitative measures. ( Balasubramanian, S.,2009) The enhancement algorithm enhances CR image detail and CR image enhanced has good visual effect, so the method id suit for edge detail enhancement of CR medicine radiation image. (Zhang., 2010). Three dimensional TV is considered as next generation broadcasting service.TOF sensors are a relatively new technology allowing real time capture of both photometric and geometric scene information. In order to generate the natural 3D video, first we develop a practical pipeline including TOF data processing and MPEG-4 based data transmission and reception. Then we acquire colour and depth videos from TOF range sensor. Then Alpha matting and enhancement are performed to handle fuzzy and hairy objects (Ji-Ho Cho Sung-Yeol Kim Lee, 2010). Chapter 2 2.1 Median Filtering Median Filtering is a non -linear signal enhancement technique for the smoothing of signals, the suppression of impulse noise, and preserving of edges. In the one dimensional case it consists of sliding a window of an odd number of elements along the signal, replacing the centre sample by the median of the samples in the window. Noise is any undesirable signal. Noise is everywhere and thus we have to learn to live with it. Noise gets introduced into data via any electrical system used for storage, transmission, and/or processing. In addition, nature will always play a noisy trick or two with data under observation. When encountering an image corrupted with noise you will want to improve its appearance for a specific application. The Techniques applied are application-oriented. Also, different procedures are related to the types of noise introduced to the image. Some important types of noise are: Gaussian or white, Rayleigh, Salt-pepper or impulse noise, periodic, sinusoidal or coherent, uncorrelated, and granular. In statistics, a median is described as the numeric value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. The median of a finite list of numbers can be found by arranging all the numbers from lowest value to highest value and picking the middle one. For example: The observations are [7,5,6,8,1,3,8,5,4]. First, we are arranging in ascending order or lowest value to highest value. [1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8] Then the middle one is picked. Here, number of observations n=9, it is an odd number. The middle value=5. So, the median =5. If there is an even number of observations, then there is no single middle value; the median is then usually defined to be the mean of the two middle values. For example: observations are [7,5,6,8,1,3,8,5,4,6]. First, we are arranging in ascending order or lowest value to highest value. [1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8] Then the middle one is picked. Here, number of observations n=10, it is an even number. So, averaging the observation 5 and 6 and gets the median value. The observation values are 5 and 6. The averaging value of 5 and 6 gives 5.5. So, the median =5.5. Most scanned images contain noise caused by the scanning method (sensor and its calibration-electrical components, radio frequency spikes) this noise may look like dots of black and white. Median filter helps us by erasing the black dots, called the Pepper, and it also fills in white holes in an image, called salt Impulse Noise. Its like the mean filter but is better in pixels and will not affect the other pixels significantly. This means that mean does that. Preserving sharp edges Median value is much like neighbourhood Median filtering is popular in removing salt and pepper noise and works by replacing the pixel value with the median value in the neighbourhood of that pixel. When applied on: 1. We do brightness -ranking by first placing the brightness values of the pixels from each neighbourhood in ascending order. 2. The median or middle value of this ordered sequence is then selected as the representative brightness value for that neighbourhood. 2.2Median Filter Action The median filter is also sliding -window spatial filter, but it replaces the centre pixel value in the window by the median of all pixel values in the window. As for the mean filter, the kernel is usually square but can be any shape rectangular, circular, etc depends on an image. An example of median filtering of a single 3*3 window of values is shown in figure 2.1. Unfiltered Values 6 2 0 3 97 4 19 3 10 To arrange the pixel value in ascending order: 0,2,3,3,4,6,19,97 The median value=4(Here no of items=9) The centre pixel value 97 is replaced by the median value 4 as shown below. Median filtered Values * * * * 4 * * * * Figure 2.2 This illustrates one of the celebrated features of the median filter: its ability to remove impulse noise. The median filter is also widely claimed to be edge-preserving since it theoretically preserves step edges without blurring. However, in the presence of noise it blurs edges in images slightly. 2.3 Synthetic Image Let us consider 6*6 window size. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 8 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 1 8 9 6 2 7 1 9 2 6 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Here, we take 3*3 mask size, to find out the median value. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 8 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 1 8 9 6 2 7 1 9 2 6 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 The order of the pixel value:1,2,3,3,3,4,5,7,8.The median value of this mask size=3. Here, the centre pixel value 3 is replaced by the median value 3. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 A B C D 1 2 E F G H 8 1 I J K L 7 1 M N O P 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Here, we find out the A to P value as shown in figure 2.5. First, we find out the median value for 3*3 mask size and replacing the original centre pixel value by these values. To find A: Order: 1, 2, 3,3,3,4,5,7,8. Median=3. To find B: Order: 1, 3, 3,3,4,4,5,6,8. Median=4. To find C: Order: 2, 3, 3,4,4,5,6,8,9. Median=4. To find D: Order: 1, 2, 2,3,4,5,6,8,9. Median=4. Similar way, we have to calculate F to P. To find P: Order: 2, 4,5,5,5,8,8,9 Median=5. The final output of synthetic image of 6*6 window as shown in figure 2.6. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 4 4 4 1 2 4 4 4 4 8 1 4 4 4 5 7 1 4 4 5 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 By checking the synthetic image output by using Matlab. To Refer the Matlab Coding in Appendix A. Output: 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 4 4 4 1 2 4 4 4 4 8 1 4 4 4 5 7 1 4 4 5 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Both Hand calculation synthetic image output and Matlab synthetic image output are same. 2.4 Median Filter Implementation on Mat lab: In past years, linear filters become the most popular filters in image processing. The reason of their popularity is caused by the existence of robust mathematical models which can be used for their analysis and design. However, there exist many areas in which the nonlinear filters provide significantly better results. The advantage of non linear filters lies in their ability to preserve edges and suppress the noise without loss of details. The success of nonlinear filters is caused by the fact that image signals as well as existing noise types are usually nonlinear. Due to the imperfection of image sensors, images are often corrupted by noise. The impulse noise is the most frequently referred type of noise. The most cases, impulse noise is caused by malfunctioning pixels in camera sensors, faulty memory locations in hardware, or errors in data transmission. We distinguish two common types of impulse noise. They are Salt-and-Pepper noise and the random valued shot noise. For images corrupted by salt-and-pepper noise, the noisy pixels have only maximum or minimum values. In case of random valued shot noise, the noisy pixels have arbitrary value. Traditionally, the impulse noise is removed by a median filter which is the most popular non linear filter .A standard median filter gives poor performance for images corrupted by impulse noise with higher intensity. A simple median filter utilizing 3*3 or 5*5 pixel window is sufficient only when the noise intensity is less than approximately 10-20%. Here, we implement the median filter using Matlab. To refer the Matlab coding in Appendix B. Output: problem The Noisy Image is corrupted by Salt-and-Pepper noise. By using median filter, 3*3 mask size most of noise has been eliminated. If we smooth the noisy image with larger median filter 7*7 mask size, all the noisy pixels disappear as shown above figure. 3.0 Neighbourhood Averaging Filters Neighborhood averaging filters are similar to mean filters. The Neighborhood averaging filter is the simplest low pass filter; here all coefficients are identical. These filters sometimes are called Averaging filters. The characteristics of neighborhood averaging are defined by kernel height, width and shape. When Kernel size increases, the smoothing effect also increases. The idea behind these filters is straight forward. By replacing the every pixel value in an image by the average of the intensity levels in the neighborhood defined by the filter mask, this process results in an image with reduced sharp transitions in intensity levels. The window is usually square, but can be any shape like rectangular, circular, etc. depending on the size of an image. Each point in the smoothed image, is f(x,y)obtained from the average pixel value in a neighbourhood of (x,y) in the input image. For example, if we use a 33 neighbourhood around each pixel we would use the mask 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 Each pixel value is multiplied by 1/9, summed, and then the result placed in the output image. This mask is successively moved across the image until every pixel has been covered. That is, the image is convolved with this smoothing mask (also known as a spatial filter or kernel). However, one usually expects the value of a pixel to be more closely related to the values of pixels close to it than to those further away. This is because most points in an image are spatially coherent with their neighbours; indeed it is generally only at edge or feature points where this hypothesis is not valid. Accordingly it is usual to weight the pixels near the centre of the mask more strongly than those at the edge. Some common weighting functions include the rectangular weighting function above (which just takes the average over the window), a triangular weighting function, or a Gaussian. In practice one doesnt notice much difference between different weighting functions, although Gaussian smoothing is the most commonly used. Gaussian smoothing has the attribute that the frequency components of the image are modified in a smooth manner. Smoothing reduces or attenuates the higher frequencies in the image. Mask shapes other than the Gaussian can do odd things to the frequency spectrum, but as far as the appearance of the image is concerned we usually dont notice much. The arithmetic mean is the standard average, often simply called the mean. The mean may be confused with the median, mode or range. The mean is the average of a set of values, or distribution; however, for probability distributions, the mean is not necessarily the same as the median, or the mode. For example: The observations are [7,5,6,8,1,3,8,5,4]. First, we find out the total value for these observations. Total=7+5+6+8+1+3+8+5+4=47 Then, finding the average one. Here, number of observations n=9. Average=total/9. =47/9 Average=5.22(Equivalent to 5) So, the average =5. 3.1 Synthetic image Let us consider 6*6 window size. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 8 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 1 8 9 6 2 7 1 9 2 6 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Figure 3.1 Here, we take 3*3 mask size, to find out the Neighbourhood averaging value. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 8 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 1 8 9 6 2 7 1 9 2 6 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 The order of the pixel value:1,2,3,3,3,4,5,7,8.The averaging value of this mask size=4. Here , the centre pixel value 3 is replaced by the averaging value 4. By using this method, we have to calculate the median value for whole window size 6*6. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 A B C D 1 2 E F G H 8 1 I J K L 7 1 M N O P 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 We find out the A to P value by using the figure 3.3 as shown above. First find out the median value for 3*3 mask size and replacing the original centre pixel value by these values. To find A: Order:1,2,3,3,3,4,5,7,8. Averaging=(1+2+3+3+3+4+5+7+8)/9=4. To find B: Averaging=(1+3+3+3+4+4+5+6+8)/9. Averaging=5. To find C: Averaging=(2+3+3+4+4+5+6+8+9)/9. Averaging=5. To find D: Averaging=(1+2+2+3+4+5+6+8+9)/9. Averaging=5. Similar way, we have to calculate F to P. To find P: Averaging=(2+4+5+5+5+8+8+9)/9 Averaging=6. The final output of synthetic image of 6*6 window as shown in figure 3.4. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 4 5 5 5 1 2 5 5 5 5 8 1 5 6 5 6 7 1 4 5 6 6 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 By checking the synthetic image ouput by using matlab. To refer the Matlab coding in the Appendix C. ouput: 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 4 5 5 5 1 2 5 5 5 5 8 1 5 6 5 6 7 1 4 5 6 6 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Both Hand calculation synthetic image output and Mat lab synthetic image output are same. 3.3 Neighbourhood Averaging Filter Implementation on Mat lab To refer the Matlab coding in the Appendix D. Output: The Noisy Image is corrupted by Salt-and-Pepper noise. By using neighbourhood averaging filter, 3*3 mask size most of noise has been eliminated. If we smooth the noisy image with larger neighbourhood averaging filter 7*7 mask size, all the noisy pixels disappear as shown above figure. Chapter 4 Histogram Equalization In Histogram Equalization, the goal is to obtain a uniform histogram for the output image. In other words, the goal of histogram equalization is to distribute the gray levels within an image so that every gray level is equally likely to occur. Histogram equalization increase the brightness and contrast of dark and low contrast image making features observable that were not visible in the image. It also used to standardize the brightness and contrast of image. The process of histogram equalization is the mapping function that maps the input histogram function to the uniformly distributed output histogram function. Consider for a moment continuous intensity values and let the variable r denote the intensities of an image to be processed. As usual, where r is in the range [0, L-1], with r=0 representing black and r=L-1 representing White. For r satisfying these conditions, we focus on the transformations of the form. s=T(r) 0T(r) L-1 The output intensity level is s and for every pixel in the image the intensity is r. T(r) is a monotonically increasing function in the interval 0rL-1; and 0 T(r) L-1 for 0 r L-1. T(r) is a strictly monotonically increasing function in the interval 0rL-1. (a) T(r) is monotonically increasing that output intensity values will never be less than corresponding input values. (b) (b)Range of output intensities is same as the input. The mapping from s back to r will be one-to-one, thus preventing ambiguities. Histogram Equalization Action: The probability of occurrence of intensity level rk in a digital image is approximated by Pr (rk) =nk/MN where k=0, 1, 2 , L-1 Where MN is the total number of pixels in the image, nk is the number of pixels that have intensity rk, and L is the number of possible intensity levels in the image. A plot of pr(rk) versus rk is commonly referred to as a histogram. The discrete form of transformation is given by Thus, output image is obtained by mapping each pixel in the input image with intensity rk into a corresponding pixel with level sk in the output image. The T (rk) in this equation is called as Histogram Equalization. Let us consider 3 bit image (L=8) of size 64*64 pixels (MN=4096) has the intensity distribution shown in Table where the intensity levels are integers in the range [0, L-1] = [0, 7]. rk Nk pr(rk)=nk/MN r0=1 790 0.19 r1=2 1023 0.25 r2=3 850 0.21 r3=4 656 0.16 r4=5 329 0.08 r5=6 245 0.06 r6=7 122 0.03 r7=8 81 0.02 By using pr (rk) values, we calculate s values. To find s0: s0=7*0.19=1.33 To find s1: s1=7pr (r0) +7pr (r1) =7*0.19+7*0.25 = 3.08 To find s2: s2=7pr (r0) +7pr (r1) +7pr (r2) =7*0.19+7*0.25+7*0.21 =4.55 To find s3: s3=7pr (r0) +7pr (r1) +7pr (r2) +7pr (r3) =7*(0.19+0.25+0.21+0.16) =5.67 To find s4: s4=7pr (r0) +7pr (r1) +7pr (r2) +7pr (r3) +7pr (r4) =7*(0.19+0.25+0.21+0.16+0.08) =6.23 Similarly, s5=6.65, s6=6.86 and s7=7 At this point, the s values still have fractions because they were generated by summing probability values, so we round them to the nearest integer. s0=1.33-1 s4=6.23-6 s1=3.08-3 s5=6.65-7 s2=4.55-5 s6=6.86-7 s3=5.67-6 s7=7.00-7 These are values of the equalized histogram. Observe that there are only five distinct levels. Synthetic image: Let us consider 6*6 window size. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 8 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 1 8 9 6 2 7 1 9 2 6 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 First, we calculate rk,nk and pr(rk) The intensity levels are integers in the range [0, L-1] = [0, 9]. Rk Nk pr(rk)=nk/MN r0=0 0 0.0 r1=1 4 0.11 r2=2 6 0.17 r3=3 5 0.14 r4= 2 0.06 r5 4 0.11 r6 3 0.08 r7 3 0.08 r8 5 0.14 r9 4 0.11 Here, MN=6*6=36. By using these values, we can calculate s values. To find s0: s0=9*0.0=0 To find s1: s1=9pr (r0) +9pr (r1) =9*0.0+9*0.11 = 0.99 To find s2: s2=9pr (r0) +9pr (r1) +9pr (r2) =9*0.0+9*0.11+9*0.17 =2.52 To find s3: s3=9pr (r0) +9pr (r1) +9pr (r2) +9pr (r3) =9*(0.00+0.11+0.17+0.14) =3.78 To find s4: s4=9pr (r0) +9pr (r1) +9pr (r2) +9pr (r3) +9pr (r4) =7*(0.00+0.11+0.17+0.14+0.06) =4.32 To find s5: s5=s4+9pr (r5) =4.32+9*0.11=5.31 s6=s5+9pr (r6) =5.31+9*0.08=6.03 s7=s6+9pr (r7) =6.03+9*0.08=6.75 s8=s7+9pr (r8) =6.75+9*0.14=8.01 s9=s8+9pr (r9) =8.01+9*0.11=9 At this point, the s values still have fractions because they were generated by summing the probability values, so we round them to nearest integer. s0=0.0-0 s5=5.31-5 s1=0.99-1 s6=6.03-6 s2=2.52-3 s7=6.75-7 s3=3.78-4 s8=8.01-8 s4=4.32-4 s9=9.00-9 By checking the synthetic image output by using Matlab. To refer the Matlab coding in the Appendix E. Output: Histogram Implementation on Matlab: To Refer the Matlab Coding in the Appendix F. Output Chapter 5: 5.0 Edge detection Edge detection is a problem of fundamental importance in image analysis. In typical images, edges characterize object boundaries and are therefore useful for segmentation, registration, and identification of objects in a scene. In this section, the construction, characteristics, and performance of a number of gradient and zero-crossing edge operators will be presented. An edge is a jump in intensity. The cross section of an edge has the shape of a ramp. An ideal edge is a discontinuity (i.e., a ramp with an infinite slope). The first derivative assumes a local maximum at an edge. For a continuous image , where x and y are the row and column coordinates respectively, we typically consider the two directional derivatives and . Of particular interest in edge detection are two functions that can be expressed in terms of these directional derivatives: the gradient magnitude and the gradient orientation. The gradient magnitude is defined as (5.1) and the gradient orientation is given by -(5.2) When the first derivative achieves a maximum, the second derivative is zero. 5.2 Edge Detection Action An example of median filtering of a single 3*3 window of values is shown in figure. Before edge detected values 6 2 0 3 97 4 19 3 10 Let us consider f(x,y)=97. Then we calculate the Horizontal Edge H(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x+1,y) -(5.3) =97-3 =94 Calculate Vertical Edge, V(x,y) V(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x,y+1) (5.4) =97-4 =93 Calculate Positive Diagonal Edge: M(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x+1,y+1)(5.5) =97-10 =87 Calculate Negative Diagonal Edge: N(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x+1,y-1) -(5.6) =97-19 =78 Here, Threshold value set to 40.Then H(x,y)40 || V(x,y)40 || M(x,y)40 ||N(x,y)40 f(x,y)=0 Otherwise , f(x,y)=97. For this example, f(x,y)=0 Edge Detected * * * * 0 * * * * This illustrates one of the celebrated features of the Edge Detection: its ability to detect the edges of the image. 5.3 Synthetic Image Let us consider 6*6 window size. 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 3 8 4 5 1 2 4 3 3 2 8 1 8 9 6 2 7 1 9 2 6 5 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Figure 5.1 For this synthetic image, we assume threshold value=4. Let us consider the f(x,y)=3 then we calculate H(x,y),V(x,y),M(x,y) and N(x,y) Horizontal Edge(x,y) H(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x+1,y)=3-4=-1 Vertical Edge,V(x,y) V(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x,y+1)=3-8=-5 Positive Diagonal Edge: M(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x+1,y+1)=3-3=0 Negative Diagonal Edge: M(x,y)=f(x,y)-f(x+1,y-1)=3-2=0 Then H(x,y)Threshold || V(x,y)Threshold || M(x,y)Threshold||N(x,y)Threshold f(x,y)=0 Otherwise, f(x,y)=9. For this, f(x,y)=9 Similarly, we calculate the rest of f(x,y). 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 9 0 9 0 1 2 9 9 9 9 8 1 0 0 0 9 7 1 0 9 0 0 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 Figure 5.2 By checking the Synthetic image output with Matlab. To refer the Matlab coding in the Appendix G. ouput 3 1 5 6 9 2 7 9 0 9 0 1 2 9 9 9 9 8 1 0 0 0 9 7 1 0 9 0 0 8 3 5 7 9 8 2 By checking the synthetic image ouput by using matlab 5.3 Edge Detection Implementation on Mat lab Chapter 6 6.0 Conclusion: This report investigates a new hardware structure of a content based median filter, capable of performing impulse noise removal for gray-scale images. The noise detection procedure takes into account the differences between the central pixel and surrounding pixels of a neighbourhood. From this investigation, it can remove up to 95% of noise from highly corrupted image. The impulse noise (Salt-and -pepper noise) is removed using median filtering technique; the embedded C Code is implemented in order to achieve the clear image. The details inside the image are preserved and the RMSE value is small. At present it is being used in digital cameras to overcome the noise produced during transmission of data and noise produced due to malfunctioning pixels in camera sensor. In future high responsive median filter will be used which will give more reduced Image and enhancement method will be used to implement a 3D Television.

Our Family Lifestyle Report Essay - 925 Words

Family lifestyle refers to the way that families live and their attitude, knowledge, and habits. I visit Mr. Ahmed and Ms. Aisha in order to learn more about family lifestyle. They have three children, one boy and two girls. In this report, I will summarize my finding from the visit in the field of smoking, home and food and safety. Smoking is one of the bad habits that people doing in their lives. This bad habit is very dangerous and could be hard to break. Also, this habit is affects against the health and cause many diseases, such as lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and pulmonary disease (Brandt, 2014). In my family, the father is smokes. He has approved view about smoking, while the mother has strongly disapproved view about†¦show more content†¦Whilst, the mother’s know that smoking has more effect to the second hand smoking. Also, she always advises the father’s to leave this bad habit. I think smoking is a very dangerous habit, and it is can cause respiratory diseases, lung cancer and heart diseases. The smoking could be a big issue in the future because it not only affects the smoker person, but it affects other people who are not smoking (Krriem, 2012). I advise the father’s to reading more about the risk factor of smoking and the effect of smoking on second hand smokes .Also, I advise the mother to not change her opinion and help her husband to quit. Home safety is very important for children, because children spent most of their time in home. There are millions of children death by reason of home accident, such as drowning, fall and choking. The people should aware about the outside and inside home safety in order to keep their children alive. When I visited my family, I was taking some notes about their outside the home. They have a large yard and there are playground equipment and small garden. Also, they have two small stairs outside home. 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The Hotel de Bourgogne Free Essays

The Hà ´tel de Bourgogne was the first permanent and only theatre that existed in Paris for multiple years, and it included relatively uncommon characteristics. It was built following a narrow rectangular shape that was 102 feet long and approximately 43 feet deep, consisting of an open space on the ground floor called the pit in which the audience would stand and three levels of galleries running round three of its four walls. The galleries that where perpendicular to the stage where partially divided into boxes, which were named loges. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hotel de Bourgogne or any similar topic only for you Order Now This where the theatre’s most expensive seats. The galleries that where parallel to the stage were built undivided. The higher ones where called the paradis, as a result of them being near the roof, or â€Å"heaven†. These seats were the most expensive ones in the theatre (excluding the pit that was free). Overall, the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne could hold up to approximately 1,600 audience members. It was not uncommon that audience members paid to sit on the lodges to be seen, more than to see the plays, since this was also the system used English private theatres. The stage rose approximately six feet from the ground, without an authentic proscenium arch, though the lodges implemented a sort of frame that was 25 feet wide and approximately 17 to 35 feet deep. In the late sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries, the stage’s scenery varied from play to play, but usually, the style of design was a miscellaneous mix of renaissance and medieval styles, called simultaneous settings. A few scholars use this name to classify any medieval stage set-up, but at the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne, concurrent settings were considerably different. During the Italian Renaissance, the set was decorated in a manner in which a series of wings (called periaktoi) led the view upstage to a central vanishing point, partially on a perspective manner, resulting in an illusion of depth. At the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne however, there were no different fragments painted on the wings of one single setting, as it was the case in Renaissance decor. Instead, there was a mansion-like mural symbolizing a different location was on each wing. For example, if an actor or actress walked towards the front of one of these wings, on which was painted a mansion, the audience recognized that he or she was in front of the mansion; if he or she walked towards another wing that had a mural of a valley, the audience recognized that he or she was in a valley. Laurent Mahelot was a French scenographer who created multiple simultaneous sets in the early 17th century. Finally, the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne’s auditorium as well as the stage where lit using candle and oil lamps, following the Italian Renaissance’s lighting methods. The Hà ´tel de Bourgogne was the only perpetual theatre in Paris. However, companies could perform on other locations as long as they paid the Confrà ©rie de la Passion its fee. There were various locations, with similar architecture to the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne’s, and very available because a particular sport called jeu de paume had lost some of its popularity. This sport was a type of tennis, and the courts where the game was played were long and narrow rectangles that included galleries along the main hall. The theatre companies would construct a platform at one end of the court, transforming it into into a theatre. The French were on the right path to creating the proscenium arch theatre, significantly this can be seen in the auditorium’s characteristics, and it was noticeable in France prior than when identical structures were accessible to the public in either Italy or England. It was in 1634 when an adversary to the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne was constructed, called the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre du Marais. Its architecture was inspired on a tennis court, but it was then replaced in 1644 (when it first burned down) by a more elaborate building that could hold the complicated theatre machinery that had been growing progressively popular in France. This freshly built Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre du Marais had a height of 52 feet and was 115 feet long, 38 feet wide. Its auditorium included three levels of galleries running round its walls. The first two galleries where separated into boxes and the top paradis was built as an open stadium seating. The rear wall also incorporated two levels of boxes and stadium-style seating at the top. The stage rose 6 feet from the ground, and it included a proscenium opening of 25 feet. It also contained was a second level acting space. This new Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre du Marais could hold up to approximately 1500 audience members. Feeling threatened by the new Marais’ architecture, the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne was renovated in 1647 following the same fashion as the Marais. In the middle of the 1630s, there where little attempts of spectacles in either the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne or the Marais. The academy had urged play-writers to honor the solidarity of one singular place, which restricted plays to have only one set (with no variations). Whereas in the past, concurrent settings where used at the Hà ´tel de Bourgogne, after 1636 both theatres started to include relatively neutral settings. For comical plays, the set was a room with four doors and for tragical play, the set was a location in front of a palace. Theatres that provided plays to the court were more problematic in their use of spectacle. Courtly audiences where familiar with the Italian-style scene transformations as early as the 1620s in momentary locations, but it became more conspicuous in the 1640s. It was in 1641 when Cardinal Richelieu ordered a theatre to be built in his home, which he named the Palais Cardinal. In this theatre, a ballet performed for the court and it included nine different settings that changed a vista. When Richelieu died in 1642, both his newly built theatre and his home were taken over by the crown, the two being renamed as Palais Royal. Richelieu’s successor was Cardinal Mazarini, who changed his name into a more French version: Cardinal Mazarin. During King Louis XIV’s childhood, he was responsible for the prosperity of the country, the same way Richelieu had done with Louis XIII. Mazarin adored Italian opera, and didn’t hesitate to introduce that style to Paris. In order to accomplish the appropriate spectacular settings for these operas, Mazarin brought to Paris Giacomo Torelli, a very famous and talented scenic designer in Italy. In 1645, Torelli created an innovative stage scenery with set transformations and special effects accomplished by the use of theatre machines. He did it in the palace next to the Louvre, called the Petit Bourbon, where numerous court functions had been staged in the late 1500s. He integrated his own version of the chariot and pole system of scene transformations to amaze the courtly audiences. The Petit Bourbon’s most famous asset was the Great Salle. With 49 feet wide and 115 feet long and an apse that added additional 44 feet at one end, the hall’s dimensions were considered substantial by Parisian standards. The apse was decorated with fleur-de-lis during the Estates General of 1614 because it was the place where both the king and his courtiers sat. In this hall, the court was used to produce celebrations and ballets, where the princes and Louis XIV., when young, used to dance. The following year he incorporated identical changes to the theatre at the Palais Royal. This resulted in Paris promoting two public theatres and two court locations that produced sensational ballets in which courtiers danced by 1646. Operas, along with â€Å"machine† plays that gave its sets (most of the time designed by Torelli) a protagonist role, impressed audiences not only with the use of chariot and pole changes but also by introducing appearances of the king on stage. The king frequently made grand entrances and also danced in the 1650s. Even though Torelli acquired extraordinary fame, at the same time he gained powerful enemies. In response to Torelli’s newly obtained enemies, Cardinal Mazarin imported a rival Italian designer, Gaspare Vigarani, to develop an appropriate spectacle for the wedding of Louis XIV. Torelli’s Salle du Petit Bourbon was demolished, and in the Tuileries palace, Vigarani built a new theatre called the Salle des Machines, which became the biggest theatre in Europe. This enormous space was 252 feet long and 52 feet wide, including both a backstage area of 140 feet deep (space needed for Vigarani’s machines) and a proscenium opening of 32 feet. Architects Louis Le Vau, Franà §ois d’Orbay , and Charles Errard decorated and designed the Salle des Machines’s auditorium. It was sheltered in a pavilion placed at the north end of the palace, originally designed and constructed by architect Philibert de l’Orme for Catherine de Mà ©dicis. The auditorium could hold up to approximately 8,000 audience members. The unconventionally profound stage was placed in a gallery located between a new, more northern pavilion and the auditorium. Nevertheless, the Salle des Machines was completed in time for Louis’ wedding, its first production only premiered until 1662, when Vigarani bestowed the king with his delayed birthday present, an opera called Hercules in Love. This was a spectacle that included multiple ballets, but it was mainly about the theatre’s complex technology and machines. In the 18th century, there was transformation in the functional side of theatre as well as in its acting, architecture, design, and staging. French theatres in the 18th century appeared to be identical to eighteenth century English theatres. A clear similarity was their use of the pit, box and gallery system for their audiences. Another similarity that can be found is that both English and French theatres had cut back their forestage, concentrating all of the action within the scenic stage. Pushing back the forestage created more space for audience seating, resulting in a great improvement since more room was needed. In the eighteenth century, both English and French theatre auditoriums extremely increased in size. French theatres also had their audience members removed from their conceited onstage seats. Until 1782, French theatres preserved its parterre smooth. It was after that year that they started incorporating benches for audience members to sit. However, it appeared that a seated parterre was less active than a standing parterre, and forces had their hands full trying to silence the audience participation and noise from the standees in the pit. This resulted in the introduction of guards in the parterre that would demand order and keep the audience tranquil and silenced. The shape of the French theatres’ auditoriums also changed in the turn of the century. They transformed into curved ‘horeshoe† shaped spaces and stopped building rectangular boxed atriums. This method of construction increased the amount of available seats, as well as it aided. Behind the proscenium arch, French theatres were narrow, almost effortless spaces. The aged Hà ´tel de Bourgogne had been utilizing the same scenic techniques for almost a century. Neoclassical plays required one set singularly, as they were obligated by the solidarity of one singular place. However, as the century progressed there was a movement that was inclined to more complex settings and transformations of scene, significantly for plays written on alluring and distinct locales. In conclusion, the architecture and stage design for French theatres has changed over the course of two centuries. It was influenced by outside Italian forces that introduced new machinery that thrilled Parisian people in the 17th century, with its stage transformations and its classicist construction. In the 18th century, France started to adopt a more English style of architecture and scenery, making more space in the auditorium. So what is French theatrical architecture? It’s a combination new technologies invented by masterminds to thrill and amaze audience members, technologies that where brought to France by people outside the nation. It’s a multicultural style that was placed in the country’s capital, making Paris the greatest city we know today. How to cite The Hotel de Bourgogne, Papers

Japan Analysis Essay Example For Students

Japan Analysis Essay The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The tho usands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, Send me food, or send me bullets.American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to re view the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Most Dangerous Game EssayThe initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker. Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the steady expansion of Japan domestic consumer market. This market was a major reason for Japans subsequent economic boom. Another boom to the economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war. The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September 1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States military occupation and restoring full independence. What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans, the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Jap an would draw in the years ahead. BIBLIOGRAPHYChristopher, Robert C. /The Japanese Mind/. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1983La Cerda, John. /The Conqueror Comes to Tea/. New Brunswick: R utgers University Press, 1946Manchester, William. /American Caesar/. New York: Dell Publishing Company, Inc., 1978Perry, John Curtis. /Beneath the Eagles Wings/. New York: Dodd, Mead And Company, 1980Reischauer, Edwin O. / The Japanese/. London: Belknap Press, 1977Seth, Ronald. /Milestones in Japanese History/. Philadelphia: Chilton Book Company, 1969Sheldon, Walt. /The Honorable Conquerors/. New York: The Macmillan Company., 1965

Strategic Communication Implemented By SPH-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss how SPH maintained public goodwill, or failed to maintain public goodwill, with its key stakeholders throughout this crisis. Answer: The essay concentrates on the strategic communication that should have implemented by SPH. The essay initially studies the existing strategic communication plan of the company and analyses the gap in it. Communication is extremely important in any organization. The management of every organization should formulate an effective strategic plan with the stakeholders, with the shareholders and also with the employees. A gap in the communication can ruin the goodwill of the company and it might lose the confidence of the stakeholders and they might have a worst effect on the management. The essay includes an effective strategic plan in order to deal the crisis that has been found in the company. It further analyses the necessity of having a strategic plan in the organization. The essay concludes with some recommendations regarding the formulation of few strategies that will help the company in protect the reputation through any crisis that might occur. In the given situation SPH (Singapore Press Holdings), failed to maintain a public goodwill with the key stakeholders. The company faced a crisis where it planned to cut down employees and it faced serious lapse in doing so. The process locked some 20 employees out of their computers and they were not informed about their cutback. This was because of poor communication. The company did not formulate proper communication plan and this resulted in the loss of many employees and their trust on the company. This acted as a negative aspect in maintaining the goodwill of the company. The company should have formulated certain communication plan as it is important to communicate with the stakeholders (Fearn-Banks, 2016). There are various reasons of the importance of the strategic plans in an organization. The first and foremost reason for having a communication plan is to inform the stakeholders about the factors and the conditions of the company. The management must have appropriate knowledge and skill to communicate with the stakeholders. Apart from this communications are important as the stakeholders have all the rights to know about the financial records of the company, about the health policies of the employees. The stakeholders should be aware of the human resource policies that are there in the company and along with it they should be aware of the product development of the company (Cummings Worley, 2014). The sales and marketing position of the company should be known to the stakeholders. They should be aware of the external as well as the internal factors that prevail in the company. The communicators should communicate the external factors like the economic trends and the business operat ions in the market. They should also be aware of the internal factors like the policies related to the safety of the employees (Parveen, Jaafar Ainin, 2015). This also includes the forms of leadership followed by the company. This sometimes includes the transformational or autocratic or democratic and similar forms. The major reason of a proper communication tool is to make the stakeholders aware of their targets. It helps to build a mutual understanding between the company and the stakeholders. For example, many organizations have the system of incentive in their company. Sometimes this is not revealed to the stakeholders. In this scenario the communication between the stakeholders and the organizations turns out to be poor. There is another scenario where sometimes the company takes an important decision like cost cutting of the employees without consulting it with the stakeholders. In such case there is a gap in the communication tool used by the organization. To have a good rel ation with the stakeholders and the employees who are the pillars of any organization it is extremely necessary to have a good communication plan (Coombs, 2015). The present communication plan of the company includes certain gaps. The company does not follow the media relations, the employee relations, the consumer relations, and the relationship with the social media, the government relations, the community relations and the relation with the investors (Child, 2015). The company has no proper safety policies of the employees. This is the reason the company has failed to gain trust of the employees. The company had to the face the lapse in the mentioned scenario. SPH failed to ensure proper safety to its employees and there was no induction training for it. The biggest crisis was that it failed to formulate effective tool to increase the sales and marketing and to strengthen the band position of the company. Ng Yat Chung, however apologized for the lapse that occurred. The employees were locked prematurely and this proved the fact that the company is not considered about the health and safety of the employees. The company made no efforts to c ommunicate with the media and other social media. The company did not make any efforts to protect the corporate reputation (Chaudhri, 2016). The company should have developed a proper strategic communication plan in order to avoid the crisis that has been observed in this situation. The first and foremost tool that should have been there in the company is the social intranet software (Bryson, 2018). The company should use the technology that has made huge advancement. This would reduce the overburdening of the paper work; this would eradicate the lack of a clear appraisal policy. This further would develop the poorly laid out channels of communication. The channels of communication would be developed through this. The next communication tool includes the ezTalks Meetings (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). This would enable the management to have a face to face meeting with the employees. In this case the company should have used the source of media in order to convey the customers about their policies. The other effective communication plan is the discussion forums (Wheelen et al., 2017). This is the most effective plan tha t the company should have employed in this case. Before planning for the sudden revenue cut of the employees the company should have sat with the employees and they should have communicated it to the stakeholders and the employees. The quarries of the employees should have been responded by the management. Discussion forum is an effective communication strategy (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). The company must be aware of their corporate social responsibility and their responsibility towards the environment. In order to restore the trust of the shareholders and the stakeholders the company should have communicated it with the help of the media like the newspaper, radio, the social sites and many such similar forums. The news media would turn out to be an effective option to convey the message of the company to the people associated with the company. They should have made special efforts and should have arranged special meetings with the investors and the financial analysts. A special board meeting should have been arranged by the company. Apart from this the company should have arranged for some special training sessions to motivate the staffs and retain them. The company should have informed about the new innovations brought in the company through some media. This would strengthen the brand position of the company (Argenti, 2015). The above mentioned strategies would help the company the communication plan and restore the corporate image of the same. Therefore from the above analysis this can be mentioned that formulation of a communication plan is essential for any organization. This is essential for all the components of the company. This can be the stakeholders, the customers, the shareholders and even the employees. References Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015).Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Bryson, J. M. (2018).Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. John Wiley Sons. Chaudhri, V. (2016). Corporate social responsibility and the communication imperative: Perspectives from CSR managers.International Journal of Business Communication,53(4), 419-442. Child, J. (2015).Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Coombs, W. T. (2015). The value of communication during a crisis: Insights from strategic communication research.Business Horizons,58(2), 141-148. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Fearn-Banks, K. (2016).Crisis communications: A casebook approach. Routledge. Parveen, F., Jaafar, N. I., Ainin, S. (2015). Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), 67-78. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D., Hoffman, A. N., Bamford, C. E. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. pearson